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Michel Foucault

Historian of Systems of Thought

Michel Foucault

1926–1984 · Poitiers and Paris · European

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A French philosopher and historian who studied how prisons, clinics and the human sciences shape what counts as normal.

Key work: Discipline and Punish (1975)

“The soul is the effect and instrument of a political anatomy; the soul is the prison of the body.”

Discipline and Punish (1975), part 1, chapter 1, trans. Alan Sheridan (1977), p. 30

Key ideas, in brief (in our words)

  • Power does not only forbid; it also produces.

  • Ask who decides what counts as normal.

  • Being watched can teach us to watch ourselves.

Read more: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

On the climb

Who Decides What Is Normal?Power That Produces

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