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Simone de Beauvoir

Philosopher of Ambiguity

Simone de Beauvoir

1908–1986 · Paris · European

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A French philosopher and novelist who argued that freedom is always lived among others, and that womanhood is shaped by society rather than fixed by nature.

Key work: The Second Sex (1949)

“One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman.”

The Second Sex (1949), trans. H. M. Parshley

Key ideas, in brief (in our words)

  • Womanhood is shaped by society, not fixed at birth.

  • Existence comes before any fixed essence.

  • Freedom is ambiguous, and still yours to live.

Read more: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

On the climb

The ethics of ambiguity

Bad FaithThe Other Person’s FreedomFreedom Together

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