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Voltaire

Enlightenment Thinker

Voltaire

1694–1778 · Paris and Ferney · European

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The pen name of François-Marie Arouet, a French writer who attacked intolerance and cruelty with satire and campaigned for victims of injustice.

Key work: Candide (1759)

“Doubt is not a pleasant condition, but certainty is an absurd one.”

Letter to Frederick William, Prince of Prussia, 28 November 1770, trans. S. G. Tallentyre

Key ideas, in brief (in our words)

  • Doubt is uncomfortable, but false certainty is worse.

  • Tolerance is a civic virtue.

  • Refuse cruelty when it dresses up as dogma.

Read more: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

On the climb

The philosophes

ToleranceCultivate Your GardenAre Morals Just Local?The Problem of EvilWhy Allow Suffering?

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